green computing

GREEN COMPUTING: is the art of utilizing computing resource in an efficient and eco-friendly manner. Green computing is one of the latest fads in the digital domain.

The manufacturing industries contributes directly to pollution, where as the IT industries have a hidden impact an environmental pollution caused by unconscious  consumption of power (electricity) and inefficient use of hardware devices. Hence, the supreme mottos of green computing are exploring the resource and find a solution to this indirect adverse effect on environment….

GREEN MARKETING:

Environmental pollution is an inevitable phenomenon in  a global perspective in this era of industrialization given the unbelievable scientific and technological advances made over the last two centuries. Every year, tens of million of various types of chemical products are manufactured for commercial industrial, agricultural military, household and personal use. It is estimated that around hundred million different types of toxic and hardzardous products are used by U.S industries every year. It is these chemical and their by products that contaminate our air, soil, stems, oceans and underground water supplies as well as damage our food and health.

Healthy life needs safe environment and availability of harmless products. Now a days getting a products without destroying the environment before or after using the products is found to be rare and difficult. Environmental protection has become a fertile source of laws- international, European and national since, the U.N sponsored the Stockholm conference of  1972  and it’s deceleration  and action –programmed for the human environment numerous conventions between states which turn out to be geographically interdependent have been hammered out, a few before but most since that date covering such matter as prevention of the pollution of  the yeas in general or common rivers the reduction of air  pollution and lately  these safeguarding of flora and fauna. Everyday the man creates new process and materials whose properties are not fully know and are sometimes toxic to him and the environment. In India many programmers are organized by welfare associations of the negative impact on using plastic frequently. But till date many products available with non degradable plastics is unfortunate. Supplying of consumer products with zero effect on environmental issues is the need of hour.

History of green computing

In the late 1980s and the yearly 1900s the term green marketing came into existence with retaliated to companies’ competitiveness and use the competitive edge in the market place. The term green computing includes the meaning of “cleanness environment”

 According to America marketing association “green marketing is the marketing is marketing of products that are presumed to e environmentally safe”

The green marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfaction of those needs and wants occur with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment

Need of green market in India:

The head quarters in India New Delhi was being polluted at a very fast place unstill the supreme court of India forced a change to alternatively fuels. in many states problem of pollution exists due to short comings in the follow up measures adopted by the authorities to prevent the situation, through  there are so many legal formalities fulfilled by polluting agencies.

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water pollution

This report tries  to  summarize  the  information  available  about the  different costs of  water pollution in India. The variety of these costs comes not only from the variety of pollution dealt with (domestic, industrial, agricultural …) but also from the method used to calculate these costs. The notion of cost is quite complex. Formally, it implies the comparison between two scenarios, and the assessment of the welfare of a group of economic agent in both scenarios. In the case of water pollution, the problem can be  represented by a resource which provides environmental services, and economic agents that benefit from these services. Calculating a formal cost of water pollution would imply to model the different  equilibrium at stake, and to deduct from these different equilibrium the effect of a difference in the ambient pollution on the aggregated welfare. To determine these equilibriums, one would need hydrological as well as agronomic, medical and 
behavioural models that are not available as for now in India

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electricity by plastics

  A newly discovered technique makes it possible to create a whole new array of plastics with metallic or even superconducting properties. This is the quite epoch making science as, plastics usually conduct electricity so poorly that they are used to insulate electric cables but, by placing   a thin film of metal onto a plastic sheet and mixing it into the polymer surface with an ion beam. Australian research have shown the method can be used to make cheap, strong, flexible and conductivity plastic films.

Ion beam techniques are widely used in the microelectronics industries to tailor the conductivity of semiconductor such as silicon, but attempts to adopt this process to plastic films have been made since the 1980s with only limed success until now.

What the team has been able to do here is use an ion beam film to tune the properties of a plastic film it  conducts  electricity like metals used in the  electrical wires themselves, and even to act as a superconductor  and pass electric current  without resistance if  cooled to low enough  temperature ,and this makes this endeavor such a  unique project. Actually it makes for the transportations for the original aspects of material science from one established quality to another. To demonstrate a potential application of this new material, the team produced electrical resistance thermometers that meet industrial standards. Tested against industry standards platinum resistance thermometer, it had comparable or even superior accuracy.

Further this material is so interesting because we can   take all the desirable aspects of polymers such as mechanical flexiableity, robustness and low cost and into the mix add good electrical conductivity, something not normally associated with plastics. Thus it opens new avenues to making plastic electronics.

The most exciting part about the discovery is how precisely the film’s ability to conduct or resist the flow of electrical current can be turned.

It opens up a very board potential for useful applications, in the fact, the electric resistivity can be controlled over 10 orders f magnitude put simply, and threat means there can be ten billion options to adjust the recipe when making the plastic film. In theory, such plastic can be made that conduct no electricity at all or as well as metals do and everything in between.

These new materials can be easily produced with equipment commonly used in the microelectronics industry and are vastly more tolerant of espouser to oxygen compared to standard semiconducting polymers.

combined, these advantages may given ion beam processed polymer films a bright future in the ongoing development of soft materials for plastic electronics application  a fusion between current and next generation  technology, researches say

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earth quake

The Earthquake is the most fearful natural phenomenon in the human life. It is more so, because it is unpredictable and arrives without notice or without announcing it's vigor and strength.
 Scientists are constantly in search of this unknown. The major events of the earthquakes from the human viewpoint are realized on review of some major catastrophes.
 Minute observations and records at least have been able to pin point the focus or the epicenter of these earthquakes in the historical past. These studies could reveal two great seismic belts in the entire globe.


Earthquake means: numerous tremors, both powerful and weak are the results of disturbances within the body of the earth itself logically are called Earthquake.


Why & How Eart hquakes Happen?
Reasons could be many; pinpointing is always after the event. They may be caused by various activities at the earth's surface such as ebb and the flow of the tides, the rush of traffic in the city streets, the tumbling of streams over high falls, magma tic outbursts from within the interior of the earth or explosion of high power nuclear or atomic bomb and so and so forth

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wastes

who is working on advanced research on bio-ethanol production from lignocellulosic agro-waste along  production of ethanol as analternative fuel through cost-effective methods has become imperative due to global oil shortage and demand.
Currently ethanol accounts for about 86% of total bio-fuel production and demand for ethanol as bio-fuel has steadily increased during this decade.
However, the production of ethanol from sugar or starch from sugarcane and cereals respectively, impacts negatively on the economics of the process, thus making ethanol more expensive when compared to fossil fuels.
Currently, agricultural waste in India is generally burnt at the field itself. The scientists claims that using more of the agro-waste for bio-ethanol production will not only suffice the fuel requirement ,but will also boost the economy of the country, the researchers say.

The production methods of ethanol from agricultural waste like corn cob, corn stalk and sorghum stover have been successfully standardised at the centre.

 enable the ethanologenic microorganisms to ferment them and produce ethanol.

 that about 250 – 270 litres of ethanol can be produced from one tonne of agricultural waste such as corn stover, rice straw and sorghum stover.
  benefits in terms of managing the agro-residues and producing green and clean energy, thus decreasing the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere.

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technology

we love our computers for all the ways they make our lives (and the
world) better -- the wealth of knowledge (and democratizing force) of the
Internet, the instantaneous communication, the sophisticated tools that
help us work and create and share. But this modern world's greatest tool is among
our most disposable and resource-heavy items. Performance-wise, computer design
has progressed staggeringly well and astonishingly fast but looking at it from a green
perspective, the work has barely begun. It takes a lot of energy to create, package,
store, and move every 10-20 megabytes of data. Even with energy prices as cheap as
they are now, it will soon cost more to power a computer for four years than it does to
buy a new one. When a computer dies it either rots in a landfill, or children in the
developing world end up wrestling its components apart by hand, melting toxic bits to
recover traces of heavy metals.

Normally, computers can contain Manufacturing computers means the use of lead, cadmium, mercury, and other toxics
4 to 8 pounds of
lead alone, according to green experts.
It's no wonder that computers and other
electronics make up two-fifths of all lead in landfills.
To counter this growing pollution
threat all over the world due to the growing use of electronic device in general and
computers in particular there a need to look for a green computer.
So far, consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers,
they've cared only about speed and price.
But as Moore's Law marches on and
computers commoditize, consumers will become pickier about being green. Devices
use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more portable and
effective. New green materials are developed every year, and many toxic ones are
already being replaced by them.
The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from
the sky one day, it’ll be the product of years of improvements.
The features of a green
computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials,
recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends.
 Green computer will be
one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic
gulf that separates the information rich from the information poor.

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waste hierarchy

Here are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions.

State / Union Territory	Code	Total Districts	Districts in which HW units located	Total units	Total HW generation TPA
Andhra Pradesh	AP	23	22	501	111098
Assam	ASS	23	8	18	166008
Bihar	BHR	55	12	42	26578
Chandigarh	CHN	1	1	47	305
Delhi	DEL	9	9	403	1000
Goa	GOA	2	2	25	8742
Gujarat	GUJ	24	24	2984	430030
Haryana	HAR	17	15	309	32559
Himachal Pradesh	HP	12	6	116	2159
Karnataka	KAR	27	25	454	103243
Kerala	KER	14	11	133	154722
Maharashtra	MAH	33	33	3953	2007846
Madhya Pradesh	MP	61	38	183	198669
Orissa	OR	30	17	163	341144
Jammu & Kashmir	JK	14	5	57	1221
Pondichery	PON	1	1	15	8893
Punjab	PUN	17	15	700	22745
Rajasthan	RJN	32	26	332	122307
Tamil Nadu	TN	29	29	1100	401073
Uttar Pradesh	UP	83	65	1036	145786
West Bengal	WB	17	9	440	129826
India	IND	524	373	13011	4415954

   some of the waste produce by products:

Waste Category	Waste Type	Regulatory Quantities
1	Cyanide wastes	1 kg per year as cyanide
2	Metal finishing wastes	10 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
3	Waste containing water soluble chemical compounds of lead, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, selenium, barium and antimony	10 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
4	Mercury, arsenic, thallium, and cadmium bearing wastes	5 kg per year the sum of the specified substance calculated as pure metal
5	Non-halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents	200 kg per year calculated as non- halogenated hydrocarbons
6	Halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents	50 kg per year calculated as halogenated hydrocarbons
7	Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish, and printing ink	250 kg per year calculated as oil or oil emulsions
8	Wastes from Dyes and dye intermediates containing inorganic chemical compounds	200 kg per year calculated as inorganic chemicals
9	Wastes from Dyes and dye intermediates containing organic chemical compounds	50 kg per year calculated as organic chemicals
10	Waste oil and oil emulsions	1000 kg per year calculated as oil or oil emulsions
11	Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment	200 kg per year calculated as tar
12	Sludges arising from treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals, toxic organics, oils, emulsions, and spent chemicals, incineration ash	Irrespective of any quantity
13	Phenols	5 kg per year calculated as phenols
14	Asbestos	200 kg per year calculated as asbestos
15	Wastes from manufacturing of pesticides and herbicides and residues from pesticides and herbicides formulation units	5 kg per year calculated as pesticides and their intermediate products
16	Acid/alkali/slurry wastes	200 kg per year calculated as acids/alkalies
17	Off-specification and discarded products	Irrespective of any quantity
18	Discarded containers and container liners of hazardous and toxic wastes	Irrespective of any quantity

 Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.
The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.

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